Pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing cancer

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a novel pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer comprising, as an active ingredient, a polynucleotide derived from various miRNAs associated with cancer, a combination drug of the pharmaceutical composition and another antitumor agent, and a method for treating or preventing a cancer in a subject having the cancer using the pharmaceutical composition or the combination drug. The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer comprising, as an active ingredient, a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 (wherein when at least a part of the polynucleotide is DNA, uracil in a region corresponding to the DNA in the nucleotide sequence is replaced with thymine).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer comprising, as an active ingredient, a polynucleotide derived from microRNA.

BACKGROUND ART

MicroRNA (miRNA) is an RNA of 16 to 28 nucleotides that is not translated into a protein, and it is currently known that 2590 miRNAs are present in human according to the miRBase release 21 (http://www.mirbase.org/). In recent years, miRNAs have been receiving attention as molecules for suppressing in vivo expression of various genes. On the genome, a region of each of miRNA gene is present and is transcribed into a RNA precursor with hairpin loop by RNA polymerase II, and the RNA precursor is then cleaved by two types of dsRNA cleaving enzymes having RNase III cleavage activities that are called Drosha in the nucleus and Dicer in the cytoplasm, thereby forming a mature miRNA. It is known that the mature miRNA is taken into the protein complex called RISC and interacts with mRNAs of a plurality of target genes having complementary sequences to suppress the expression of a gene (Non Patent Literature 1).

Certain types of miRNAs are suggested to be associated with human diseases including cancer, and particularly in cancer, for examples, many miRNAs such as hsa-miR-4450, hsa-miR-6893-5p and hsa-miR-575 are known to be markers specific to pancreatic cancer in blood (Non Patent Literature 1 and Patent Literature 1).

Further, in addition to the miRNAs associated with the growth of cancer cells, the presence of a miRNA which works in a direction of suppressing cancer cells is reported, suggesting a method for treating cancer utilizing the expression pattern of the miRNA. Specific examples of the known method include a method for treating diseases such as cancer by administering an activated serum comprising 153 miRNAs such as hsa-Let-7a and upregulating the miRNA (Patent Literature 2), a method for treating lung cancer using a body fluid comprising many miRNAs such as hsa-Let-7a (Patent Literature 3), and a method for treating blood cancer by administering antisense oligonucleotides of many miRNAs such as miR-1321 comprised in circulating exosomes in the body (Patent Literature 4).

CITATION LIST Patent Literature

-   Patent Literature 1: International Publication No. WO 2015/182781 -   Patent Literature 2: International Publication No. WO 2011/029903 -   Patent Literature 3: International Publication No. WO 2014/072468 -   Patent Literature 4: International Publication No. WO 2014/071205

Non Patent Literature

-   Non Patent Literature 1: Kojima M PLoS One. 10(2) (2015) “MicroRNA     markers for the diagnosis of pancreatic and biliary-tract cancers.”

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

It is an object of the present invention to identify a miRNA exhibiting therapeutic and/or preventive effects, in common, on various types of cancers, among various cancer-relating miRNAs, and to provide a novel pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing cancer comprising, as an active ingredient, a polynucleotide derived from the miRNA.

Solution to Problem

The present inventors conducted extensive studies to solve the aforementioned problem and have now found a novel polynucleotide, which suppresses the growth of cancer cells, among miRNAs with increased or decreased expression in body fluids or tissues of cancer patients, thereby completing the present invention.

Specifically, the present invention encompasses the following (1) to (9).

(1) A pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer comprising, as an active ingredient, a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2. (2) The pharmaceutical composition according to the above (1), wherein the polynucleotide is 8 to 60 nucleotides in length. (3) The pharmaceutical composition according to the above (1) or (2), wherein the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence of the following (a) or (b) on the 3′ terminal side of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2:

-   -   (a) the nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID         NOs: 3 to 5, or     -   (b) a nucleotide sequence comprising a deletion, substitution,         insertion, and/or addition of 1 to 5 nucleotides in the         nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to         5.         (4) The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of the         above (1) to (3), wherein the polynucleotide comprises the         nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6 to         9.         (5) The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of the         above (1) to (4), wherein the polynucleotide is single stranded         or double stranded.         (6) The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of the         above (1) to (5), wherein the polynucleotide is RNA.         (7) The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of the         above (1) to (6), wherein the cancer is a solid cancer.         (8) The pharmaceutical composition according to the above (7),         wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of         breast cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal         cancer, lung cancer, brain tumor, stomach cancer, cervical         cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer,         esophagus cancer, liver cancer, fibrosarcoma, mast cell tumor,         and melanoma.         (9) The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of the         above (1) to (8), wherein the polynucleotide is inserted into a         vector in an expressible manner in the form of DNA.         (10) The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of the         above (1) to (9), wherein the polynucleotide is encapsulated         into a carrier selected from the group consisting of         non-cationic polymer carriers, liposome carriers, dendritic         carriers, nano-material carriers, microparticle carriers,         biostructural carriers, micelle carriers, polymer         microparticles, and magnetic microparticles; or the         polynucleotide is bound to the carrier.         (11) A combination drug for treating and/or preventing a cancer         comprising, as active ingredients, the pharmaceutical         composition according to any one of the above (1) to (10), and         an antitumor agent.         (12) A method for treating or preventing a cancer in a subject         who suffers or has suffered from the cancer, comprising         administering the pharmaceutical composition according to any         one of the above (1) to (10), or the combination drug according         to the above (11), to the subject.

The present description includes the contents as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-240951 from which the present application claims priority.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

The pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing cancer of the present invention effectively suppresses the growth of cancer cells, and therefore it is useful for treating or preventing cancer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 This figure shows the ratios of viable cell counts (cell viability (%)) of the pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 after the introduction of a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 into the cancer cells, relative to the viable cell count (100%) after the introduction of a synthetic RNA being a negative control oligo into the cancer cells.

FIG. 2 This figure shows the ratios of viable cell counts (cell viability (%)) of the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 after the introduction of a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 into the cancer cells, relative to the viable cell count (100%) after the introduction of a synthetic RNA being a negative control oligo into the cancer cells.

FIG. 3 This figure shows the ratios of viable cell counts (cell viability (%)) of the lung cancer cell line A549 after the introduction of a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 into the cancer cells, relative to the viable cell count (100%) after the introduction of a synthetic RNA being a negative control oligo into the cancer cells.

FIG. 4 This figure shows the ratios of viable cell counts (cell viability (%)) of the stomach cancer cell line NC1-N87 after the introduction of a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 into the cancer cells, relative to the viable cell count (100%) after the introduction of a synthetic RNA being a negative control oligo into the cancer cells.

FIG. 5 This figure shows the ratios of viable cell counts (cell viability (%)) of the liver cancer cell line HepG2 after the introduction of a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 into the cancer cells, relative to the viable cell count (100%) after the introduction of a synthetic RNA being a negative control oligo into the cancer cells.

FIG. 6 This figure shows the ratios of viable cell counts (cell viability (%)) of the colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 after the introduction of a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 into the cancer cells, relative to the viable cell count (100%) after the introduction of a synthetic RNA being a negative control oligo into the cancer cells.

FIG. 7 This figure shows the ratios of viable cell counts of the colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 after the introduction of a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 (present invention), a synthetic RNA having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 (present invention), a synthetic RNA having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 (present invention), or a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4454 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 (comparative example) into the cancer cells, relative to the viable cell count (100%) after the introduction of a synthetic RNA being a negative control oligo into the cancer cells (the cell viabilities of 4%, 18%, 4%, and 100%, respectively).

FIG. 8 This figure shows the ratios of viable cell counts of the colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 after the introduction of a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 (present invention), a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 (present invention), a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-575 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 (comparative example), or a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-1321 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 (comparative example) into the cancer cells, relative to the viable cell count (100%) after the introduction of a synthetic RNA being a negative control oligo into the cancer cells (the cell viabilities of 4%, 46%, 96%, and 93%, respectively).

FIG. 9 This figure shows the ratio of viable cell count (cell viability: 93%) of the mammary epithelial cell line 184B5 (normal cells) after the introduction of a synthetic RNA (3 nM) having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 into the cancer cells, relative to the viable cell count (100%) after the introduction of a synthetic RNA being a negative control oligo into the normal cells.

FIG. 10 This figure shows (B) changes in tumor volume for 13 days and (A) the tumor volume ratio on day 13, after the administration of a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a synthetic RNA being a negative control oligo to tumor-bearing mice.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS <Polynucleotide as Active Ingredient>

The pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer of the present invention comprises, as an active ingredient, a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence of UGGGGAUU (SEQ ID NO: 1) or UGGCGAUU (SEQ ID NO: 2). Hereinafter, the polynucleotide as an active ingredient in the present invention will be described.

The nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 is a nucleotide sequence identified as a partial sequence on the 5′ terminal side of hsa-miR-4450 (miRBase Accession No. MIMAT0018971), which is a human miRNA. The nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 is a nucleotide sequence identified as a partial sequence on the 5′ terminal side of hsa-miR-8053 (miRBase Accession No. MIMAT0030980), which is a human miRNA. Among these miRNAs, hsa-miR-4450 has been known as a part of miRNA serving as a specific marker for pancreatic cancer (Kojima M., PLoS One, 10(2) (2015) “MicroRNA markers for the diagnosis of pancreatic and biliary-tract cancers.”). However, the present inventors have found for the first time that the miRNAs suppress the growth of pancreatic cancer cells and other cancer cells, and that the polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, which is a partial sequence of either of these miRNAs, plays an important role in suppressing the growth of cancer cells.

Thus, the polynucleotide of the present invention is not particularly limited, as long as it comprises the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2. Specifically, the polynucleotide of the present invention may be the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 itself, or a polynucleotide comprised of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 and another nucleotide sequence added to the 5′-terminal or 3′-terminal side thereof. The polynucleotide of the present invention is preferably a polynucleotide comprised of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 and another nucleotide sequence added to the 3′-terminal side thereof. The polynucleotide of the present invention is preferably 8 to 60 nucleotides in length, and more preferably 16 to 28 nucleotides in length.

The nucleotide sequence to be added to the 3′-terminus of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 is preferably a nucleotide sequence comprising the following (a) or (b) as a partial sequence, more preferably a nucleotide sequence comprising the following (a) or (b) on the 5′-terminal side thereof, and further preferably a nucleotide sequence consisting of the following (a) or (b):

(a) the nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 5, or

(b) a nucleotide sequence comprising a deletion, substitution, insertion, and/or addition of 1 to 5 nucleotides, preferably 1 to 4 nucleotides, more preferably 1 to 3 nucleotides, further preferably 1 or 2 nucleotides, and particularly preferably 1 nucleotide, in the nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 5.

In a preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide of the present invention may consist of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 and the nucleotide sequence of the above (a) or (b) added to the 3′-terminus or 5′-terminus thereof.

When at least a part of the polynucleotide of the present invention is DNA, uracil in a region corresponding to the DNA in the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 is replaced with thymine.

Preferred specific examples of the polynucleotide in which another nucleotide sequence is added to the 3′-terminal side of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, include polynucleotides comprising the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 9 (wherein when at least a part of the polynucleotide is DNA, uracil in a region corresponding to the DNA in the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 9 is replaced with thymine). Particularly preferred examples of such polynucleotides include polynucleotides consisting of the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 9 (wherein when at least a part of the polynucleotide is DNA, uracil in a region corresponding to the DNA in the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 9 is replaced with thymine). Among these four types of polynucleotides, the polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or 7 is known as miRNA that has already been identified in humans. The names and miRBase Accession Nos. (registration numbers) of these miRNAs are as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 SEQ ID NO: Gene name miRBase Accession No. 6 hsa-miR-4450 MIMAT0018971 7 hsa-miR-8053 MIMAT0030980 10 hsa-miR-4454 MIMAT0018976 11 hsa-miR-575 MIMAT0003240 12 hsa-miR-1321 MIMAT0005952

hsa-miR-4450, which is a miRNA having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, is composed of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 as a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ terminus (position 1) to the 8th nucleotide, and the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 as the 9th and the subsequent remaining nucleotides. This miRNA has been known as a specific marker for pancreatic cancer, as described above. However, it has not been reported so far that compounds based on the sequence of a gene of this miRNA or a transcript thereof can suppress tumor cells.

hsa-miR-8053, which is a miRNA having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, is composed of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 as a nucleotide sequence from the 5′ terminus (position 1) to the 8th nucleotide, and the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 as the 9th and the subsequent remaining nucleotides. This miRNA has been identified by the method described in Wang H J et al., 2013, Shock., No. 39, pp. 480-487. In addition, the precursor of hsa-miR-8053 is known as hsa-mir-8053 (miRBase Accession No. MI0025889), which has a hairpin-like structure. However, it has not been reported so far that compounds based on the sequence of a gene of this miRNA or a transcript thereof can suppress tumor cells.

A polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 is an artificial polynucleotide in which the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) of the 9th and the subsequent remaining nucleotides counted from the 5′-terminus of the above-described hsa-miR-8053 (SEQ ID NO: 7) is fused to the 3′-terminal side of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. Similarly, a polynucleotide consisting of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 is an artificial polynucleotide in which the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) of the 9th and the subsequent remaining nucleotides counted from the 5′-terminus of hsa-miR-4454 is fused to the 3′-terminal side of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, and hsa-miR-4454 is a miRNA having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 that is known as a cancer marker but is not known to suppress tumor cells (Kojima M PLoS One.10(2) (2015) “MicroRNA markers for the diagnosis of pancreatic and biliary-tract cancers”).

The polynucleotide of the present invention may have any structure, as long as it exhibits the effects of treating and/or preventing cancer, and may have, for example, a single-stranded structure, a double-stranded structure, or a multiple-stranded structure such as a triple- or more-stranded structure. The present polynucleotide has preferably a single-stranded or double-stranded structure, and more preferably a single-stranded structure.

The polynucleotide of the present invention may be RNA, DNA or RNA/DNA (chimera), as long as it exhibits the effects of treating and/or preventing cancer. With regard to the polynucleotide of the present invention, when the entire or a part of the nucleotide sequence corresponding to a sequence number shown in Sequence Listing is DNA, U (uracil) in the region corresponding to the DNA in the nucleotide sequence shown in Sequence Listing is replaced with T (thymine). The polynucleotide of the present invention is preferably RNA. Examples of types of RNA include mRNA, rRNA, non-coding RNA, siRNA, shRNA, snoRNA, snRNA, nkRNA (registered tradename), and PnkRNA (tradename), as well as the above-mentioned miRNA. The RNA is preferably miRNA. The miRNA includes synthetic miRNA that is what is called a mimic, as well as naturally occurring miRNA.

The polynucleotide usable in the present invention can comprise at least one modified nucleotide analog. The nucleotide analog can be placed, for example, at the 5′ terminus, 3′ terminus, and/or inside of an RNA molecule. In particular, by incorporation of the modified nucleotide analog, the polynucleotide can be further stabilized.

The nucleotide analog is, for example, preferably a sugar- or backbone-modified ribonucleotide, and more preferably a ribonucleotide having a modified nucleic acid base, and more specifically, a ribonucleotide comprising a non-naturally occurring nucleic acid base. Examples of the non-naturally occurring nucleic acid base include, for example, uridine or cytidine modified at position 5, such as 5-methyluridine, 5-(2-amino)propyluridine, 5-methyl-2-thiouridine, 5-bromouridine, or 6-azouridine; adenosine and guanosine modified at position 8, such as 8-bromoguanosine, deazanucleotide, or 7-deaza-adenosine; and O- and N-alkylated nucleotides; N6-methyladenosine; and universal bases.

A preferred sugar-modified ribonucleotide may be a ribonucleotide having a substitution of a 2′-OH group in a sugar moiety with a group selected from the group consisting of H, OR, halo, SH, SR, NH₂, NHR, NR₂ and CN, or a ribonucleotide comprising a 2′-O, 4′-C methylene bridge or an ethylene bridge (for example, LNA or ENA), wherein R is C1 to C6 alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, and halo is F, Cl, Br or I. Further, the modified sugar moiety in the sugar modified ribonucleotide may be mannose, arabinose, glucopyranose, galactopyranose, 4′-thioribose or another sugar; or a hetero ring or a carbon ring.

Examples of a preferred backbone-modified ribonucleotide include ribonucleotides having a substitution of a phosphoester group that binds to an adjacent ribonucleotide, with, for example, a phosphothioate-modified group, boranophosphate, 3′-(or 5′)deoxy-3′-(or 5′)aminophosphoramidate, hydrogen phosphonate, boranophosphate ester, phosphoramidate, alkyl, or aryl phosphonate and phosphotriester. Any of the above-mentioned modifications may be used in combination.

<Carrier to be Used Together with the Polynucleotide as Active Ingredient>

The pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer of the present invention may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in addition to the polynucleotide of the present invention. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is preferably a substance which facilitates the transport of the polynucleotide of the present invention to target cells or tissues, does not stimulate a living body, and does not inhibit the activities and properties of the polynucleotide of the present invention, and it is also preferable that the carrier itself does not induce the production of harmful antibodies to individuals to which the composition is administered. The size of carrier is preferably a size which does not permeate normal blood vessel walls but can permeate newborn blood vessels in cancer tissues. When a carrier is an approximate spheroid, the diameter of the carrier may be preferably a nano size of, for example, about 1 nm or more and less than 100 nm.

The carrier may encapsulate the polynucleotide of the present invention, or may movably bind to the polynucleotide of the present invention. The phase “movably bind to” refers to the electronic interaction between the carrier and one or more agents. The interaction is not limited, and may be in the form of any chemical bonds, including covalent bond, polar covalent bond, ionic bond, electrostatic bond, coordinate covalent bond, aromatic bond, hydrogen bond, and dipole or Van der Waals interaction.

The binding site of the polynucleotide of the present invention and the carrier is preferably on the 5′ terminal side or on the 3′ terminal side, and more preferably on the 5′ terminal side.

Specific examples of the carrier include non-cationic polymer carriers, liposome carriers, dendrimer carriers, nano-material carriers, microparticle carriers, biostructural carriers, micelle carriers, polymer microparticles, and magnetic microparticles.

The non-cationic polymer carrier refers to a polymer that can encapsulate one or two or more agents therein, and/or can movably bind to such agent(s), and is, for example, anionic (i.e., negatively charged) or an electronically neutral and cotton-like or branched. The carrier may be in the form of microparticles or nanoparticles, or may also be water-soluble or water-insoluble, or biodegradable or non-biodegradable carrier. Preferred non-cationic polymer carriers are known to those skilled in the art. The non-cationic polymer carrier may include, for example, poly-L-glutamic acid (PGA), poly-(γ-L-glutamyl glutamine) (PGGA), poly-(γ-L-aspartyl glutamine) (PGAA) or poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA); and a mixture of at least two polymers.

The liposome carrier has a lipid double layer structure comprising lipids attached to polar hydrophilic groups, which forms, in an aqueous medium, a substantially closed structure which can encapsulate one or two or more agents and/or can movably bind to the agent(s). The liposome carrier may comprise a single lipid double layer (i.e., unilamellar) or may also comprise a concentric lipid double layer consisting of two or three or more layers (i.e., multilamellar). The liposome carrier may have an approximate spherical or approximate elliptical shape. Preferred liposome carriers are known to those skilled in the art, and can be selected based on various properties such as the rigidity of the lipid double layer, the electronic charge of the lipid double layer and/or the compatibility of one or both of the agents with the liposome carrier. The liposome carrier may comprise, for example, natural phospholipids such as egg phosphatidylcholine, egg phosphatidylethanolamine, soy phosphatidylcholine, lecithin and sphingomyelin, synthetic phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, dioctadecylamide glycylspermine, dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, N-1-2,3-dioleyloxypropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride, 2,3-diolexyoloxy-N-2-sperminecarboxamidoethyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-propaneammonium trifluoroacetamide, phosphatidylserine, derivatives thereof, and PEGylated phospholipids.

The dendritic carrier refers to a dendrimer, a dendron, or derivatives thereof, which can encapsulate one or two or more agents, and/or can movably bind to the agent(s). The dendrimer refers to a macromolecule having a core and a plurality of branch-structured shells spreading from the core. The dendron is a type of dendrimer having branches spreading from a focal point. The dendritic carriers are commercially available or can be synthesized by methods known to those skilled in the art. The dendritic carrier may be at least partially hydrophobic or hydrophilic. The dendritic carrier may be cationic, or electronically neutral, or anionic. The dendritic carrier may comprise a core molecule, and examples thereof include alkyl diamines such as ethylenediamine, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,6-diaminohexane and 1,12-diaminodecane; amines such as ammonia; alkylimines such as cystamine and polyethyleneimine (PEI); and chlorinated phosphorus molecules such as cyclotriphosphazene and thiophosphoryl. The dendritic carrier may comprise alkylimines such as polypropyleneimine (PPI), tertiary amines such as polyamideamine (PAMAM), polyamino acids such as polylysine, and/or phenoxymethyl (methylhydrazono) (PMMH).

The nano-material carrier refers to a material having the longest dimension ranging from about 1 nm to about 100 nm, which can encapsulate one or two or more agents and/or can movably bind to the agent(s). Preferred nano-material carriers are known to those skilled in the art, and examples of the nano-material carrier may include nanoparticle, nanopowder, nanocluster, nanocrystal, nanosphere, nanofiber, nanotube, nanocluster, nanocrystal, nanosphere, nanofiber, nanotube, nanogel, and/or nanorod. The examples of the substance constituting the nano-material carrier include poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polyalkylcyanoacrylate (PACA), polyepsilon-caprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), polyethyleneglycol (PEG), poly-N-vinylcaprolactam sodium acrylate, poly-N-isopropylacrylamide, and polyvinyl acetate. Further, in some aspects, the nano-material carrier may be fullerene, and the fulleren may include spherical fullerenes (e.g., C60), carbon nanotubes, and fullerene derivatives.

The microparticle carrier refers to a particle having the longest dimension ranging from about 100 nm to about 100 μm. The microparticle may have any shapes and any forms. Examples of the substance constituting the microparticle carrier include poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polyalkylcyanoacrylate (PACA), polyepsilon-caprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), PLGA, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG).

The biostructural carrier refers to a polymer or a compound in which a large number of units in the biostructural carrier are amino acids and/or saccharides, and which can encapsulate one or two or more agents and/or movably bind to the agent(s). Preferred biostructural carriers are known to those skilled in the art, and may comprise any of sugars, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, cyclic polysaccharides, non-cyclic polysaccharides, linear polysaccharides, branched polysaccharides, amino acids, proteins, and peptides; and semisynthesized derivatives thereof. The biostructural carrier may comprise any of α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin, methyl β-cyclodextrin, dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin, tri-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin, glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin, β1,3D glucan, β1,6 glucan, C-reactive protein, conalbumin, lactalbumin, ovalbumin, parvalbumin, serum albumin, technetium TC99m aggregated albumin, human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA), glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, xylose, ribose, sucrose, cellulose, cyclodextrin, and starch.

The micelle carrier has a micelle structure formed by lipids, such as any fat-soluble (or lipophilic) molecule, oil, wax, sterol, monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride, phospholipid, etc. The micelle carrier may comprise any of polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol (PEG); polyamino acids such as polyaspartic acid and polyglutamic acid (PGA); poly-(γ-L-glutamyl glutamine) (PGGA), polyphenyleneoxide (PPO), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), and a diblock copolymer.

Further, the carrier may also be a conjugate, and may comprise a nucleotide linker, a non-nucleotide linker or a nucleotide/non-nucleotide complex linker, which links a sense region with an antisense region of a nucleic acid; polyethylene glycol; human serum albumin; and a ligand for a cell receptor, capable of inducing the cellular uptake. Additionally, the nucleotide linker may be a linker having 2 or more nucleotides in length, or may also be a nucleic acid aptamer.

The pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer comprising the polynucleotide of the present invention may further comprise at least one substance selected from pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, pharmaceutical carriers and diluents. The present polynucleotide can be formulated into any dosage forms including parenteral dosage forms such as injection dosage forms, or forms suitable for intrarectal, intranasal, local, subcutaneous, vaginal or other parenteral administration, or oral dosage forms such as pills, capsules, granules or tablets, or forms suitable for inhalation or infusion administration, with further adding a diluent, dispersant, surfactant, binder, lubricant and/or a mixture thereof to the polynucleotide.

When the polynucleotide of the present invention is used as a liquid preparation, the carrier is preferably sterilized and suitable for a living body, and further, other common additives such as an antioxidant, a buffer solution and a bacteriostatic agent may also be added. Preferred additives include, but are not limited to, macromolecules that are large and slowly metabolized, such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymer, lipid aggregate, hydrogel, inactivated virus particle, and collagens. Further, a liquid preparation comprising the polynucleotide of the present invention may comprise liquids such as water, saline, sterilized water, Ringer's solution, buffered saline, albumin injection solution, dextrose solution, maltodextrin solution, glycerol or ethanol, and may also comprise auxiliary substances such as moistening agent, emulsifying agent, a pH buffering substance and the like.

In the context of the present invention, the term “administration” means introduction of the polynucleotide of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer comprising the polynucleotide of the present invention as an active ingredient, to a patient by any suitable method. The administration includes the delivery of the polynucleotide of the present invention by a viral or non-viral technique, and transplantation of cells which express the polynucleotide of the present invention.

The administration can be carried out via various oral or parenteral administration routes, as long as the polynucleotide can reach a target tissue. For example, the administration can be carried out by an intraoral, intrarectal, local, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraarterial, transdermal, intranasal, inhalation, intraocular, or intradermal route.

The dose varies depending on the purpose of administration, an administration method, type and size of a tumor, characteristics (sex, age, body weight, etc.) of a person to be administered (i.e., a subject). Typically, with regard to the dose, a drug is administered at a lower level and is then increased until the intended effect is achieved. A preferred dose of the polynucleotide of the present invention may range, but not limited to, for example, from 1 pmol to 100 nmol per kg of body weight; or from 0.001 to 0.25 mg per kg of body weight, or from 0.01 to 20 μg per kg of body weight, or from 0.10 to 5 μg per kg of body weight. Such doses are administered preferably 1 to 10 times, and more preferably 5 to 10 times.

<Suppression of Cancers by the Polynucleotide>

The polynucleotide of the present invention may be provided in a form of a polynucleotide introduced into cells. The phrase “introduced into cells” means the entry of a foreign polynucleotide into cells by transfection or transduction. The transfection refers to, for example, calcium phosphate-DNA co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, polybrene-mediated transfection, electroporation, microinjection, liposome fusion, Lipofectamine transfection, and protoplast fusion. The transduction means the transfer of a gene into other cells by means of infection using a virus or a viral vector particle (e.g., a vector based on adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, Sendai virus, or retrovirus (lentivirus, etc.)) or using a plasmid vector. The vector can comprise necessary elements (e.g., a promoter, etc.) for enabling the expression of the polynucleotide of the present invention, and can be prepared by known techniques (e.g., Sambrook and Russell, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual (4^(th) Ed., 2001), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, JP Patent Publication No. 2016-153403 A, JP Patent Publication No. 2016-025853 A). The cells into which the polynucleotide of the present invention has been introduced by such methods, can express the polynucleotide of the present invention at a high level. Thus, the cells can be utilized as a cell-therapeutic agent for suppressing the growth of cancer when transplanted into cancer tissues.

<Type of Cancer>

The terms “tumor” and “cancer” are used in the context of the present invention to mean malignant neoplasms and are used interchangeably. The cancer to be targeted includes, but is not particularly limited to, a solid cancer. Specific examples of the cancer to be targeted include cancers and cancer cells developed in, or derived from, bladder, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, colon/rectum, esophagus, digestive tract, gum, head, kidney, liver, lung, nasopharynx, neck, ovary, prostate, skin, stomach, testis, tongue, blood or uterus. Preferred examples of the cancer include breast cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, brain tumor, stomach cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, esophagus cancer, liver cancer, fibrosarcoma, mast cell tumor, and melanoma. Specific examples of these cancers include, but are not limited to, mammary gland cancer, complex mammary gland carcinoma, mammary gland malignant mixed tumor, intraductal papillary adenocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, glioma which is a neuroepithelial tissue tumor, ependymoma, neurocytoma, embryonal neuroectodermal tumor, schwannoma, neurofibroma, meningioma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, GI lymphoma, digestive lymphoma, small to medium cell lymphoma, cecal cancer, ascending colon cancer, descending colon cancer, transverse colon cancer, sigmoid colon cancer, rectal cancer, epithelial ovarian cancer, germ cell tumor, stromal cell tumor, pancreatic ductal cancer, invasive pancreatic ductal cancer, adenocarcinomas of pancreatic cancer, acinic cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, giant cell tumor, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, pancreatoblastoma, serous cystadenocarcinoma, solid papillary cancer, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, insulinoma, multiple endocrine adenomatosis, non-functional islet cell tumor, somatostatinoma, and VIPoma.

Moreover, preferred subjects to be targeted in the present invention are mammals, including primates such as human, livestock such as cow, pig, sheep and horse, companion animals such as dog and cat, and mammals in a zoo. Among others, human is preferable.

In the present invention, the polynucleotide of the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer according to the present invention, can be administered to the subject for treating and/or preventing a cancer.

<Type of Antitumor Agent>

In the present invention, a drug referred to as a “combination drug” using a pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer comprising, as an active ingredient, the polynucleotide of the present invention, in combination with another (typically, known) antitumor agent, or with a pharmaceutical composition comprising another antitumor agent can be administered to a subject in combination, and thereby preferably increasing the antitumor effects. The pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer according to the present invention and another antitumor agent (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising another antitumor agent) can be administered to a subject, simultaneously or separately. In the case of the separate administration, either the pharmaceutical composition or the antitumor agent may be administered earlier or later, and the dosing interval, doses, administration routes and the numbers of doses can be determined appropriately by a medical specialist. Another dosage form of the drug to be simultaneously administered includes, for example, a pharmaceutical composition also referred to as a “mixed drug” prepared by mixing and formulating the pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer according to the present invention with an antitumor agent in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (or medium).

Examples of the antitumor agent include the following antitumor agents known in literatures or the like.

Examples of the antitumor agent as an alkylating agent such as Thiotepa and cyclophosphamide include: alkyl sulfonates such as (i.e., “including”) busulfan, improsulfan, and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethyleneimines such as altretamine, triethyleneamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphoramide, and trimethylolamine; acetogenins such as bullatacin and bullatacinone; camptothecin; bryostatin; callystatin; cryptophycin 1, and cryptophycin 8; dolastatin; duocarmycin; eleutherobin; pancratistatin; sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, and estramustine; ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, temozolomide, novembichin; fenesterin, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; and nitrosoureas such as bendamustine, carmustine, chlorozotocin, streptozocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimnustine.

Examples of the antitumor agent as an anticancer antibiotic include calicheamicin, dynemicin, clodronate, esperamicin, aclacinomycin, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycin, cactinomycin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, adriamycin (doxorubicin), bleomycin, aclarbicin, amrubicin, epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycin, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, and zorubicin.

Examples of the antitumor agent as an antimetabolite include: folic acid analogs such as denopterin, pteropterin, methotrexate, trimetrexate, and pemetrexed; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine, cladribine, and clofarabine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, trifluridine, capecitabine, 5-FU, gemcitabine, S-1, and tegafur; and hydroxycarbamide and nelarabine.

Examples of the antitumor agent as a hormone preparation include anastrozole, bicalutamide, degarelix, estramustine, exemestane, flutamide, fulvestrant, goserelin, letrozole, leuplin, medroxyprogesterone, mepitiostane, octreotide, tamoxifen, and toremifene, and, for example, androgen preparations such as calusterone, drostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone, and enzalutamide; antiadrenal preparations such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, and trilostane; and frolinic acid, aceglatone, aldophosphamide glycoside, aminolevulinic acid, eniluracil, amsacrine, bestrabucil, bisantrene, edatraxate, defofamine, demecolcine, diaziquone, elformithine, elliptinium acetate, epothilone, etoglucid, lenthinan, lonidamine, maytansine, ansamitocine, abiraterone, mitoguazone, mitoxantrone, mopidanmol, nitraerine, pentostatin, phenamet, pirarubicin, losoxantrone, podophyllic acid, 2-ethyl hydrazide, procarbazine, razoxane, rhizoxin, sizofiran, spirogermanium, tenuazonic acid, triaziquone, roridin A, anguidine, urethane, vindesine, dacarbazine, mannomustine, mitobronitol, mitolactol, pipobroman, gacytosine, arabinoside, BCG, Krestin, and picibanil.

Examples of the antitumor agent as another anticancer agent such as those derived from plants include docetaxel, etoposide, teniposide, irinotecan, nogitecan, paclitaxel, cabazitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, carboplatin, cisplatin, dacarbazine, eribulin, L-asparaginase, miriplatin, mitoxantrone, nedaplatin, oxaliplatin, pentostatin, procarbazine, arsenic trioxide, sobuzoxane, tamibarotene, mitoxantrone, novantrone, edatrexate, ibandronate, topoisomerase inhibitor, difluoromethylornithine (DMFO), and retinoic acid.

Examples of the antitumor agent as a molecular target drug include afatinib, axitinib, alectinib, bevacizumab, cetuximab, crizotinib, erlotinib, everolimus, gefitinib, lapatinib, ramucirumab, panitumumab, pazopanib, pertuzumab, nivolumab, regorafenib, lenvatinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, temsirolimus, trastuzumab, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives thereof.

Further, radioisotopes such as ²¹¹At, ¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁵³SM, ²¹²Bi, ³²P, ¹⁷⁵Lu, ¹⁷⁶Lu, ⁸⁹Sr, ²²³Ra and ¹⁶¹Tb, which are known in literatures and the like, may also be used as antitumor agents. The radioisotopes are desirably those effective for treating and diagnosing tumors, and such radioisotopes may also be composed in the pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer according to the present invention.

<Treatment and Prevention Methods>

The present invention further provides a method for treating and/or preventing a cancer in a subject who suffers (or has suffered) from a cancer, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer according to the present invention, or a combination drug comprising the pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer according to the present invention and the above-mentioned another antitumor agent (or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antitumor agent), to the subject.

The terms “treating a cancer” and “antitumor effects” used herein refer to the effects on cancer cells or tumors, compared with a negative control which is not treated with the polynucleotide of the present invention or the pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer according to the present invention, wherein the effects include not only complete inhibition of the growth of cancer cells and regression or disappearance of tumors, but also delay in the increase of cancer cells (i.e., reduction in the increment of cancer cells) or delay in the tumor growth compared with a negative control which is not treated with the polynucleotide of the present invention or the pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer according to the present invention.

The term “prevention” used herein also includes prevention of cancer recurrence for reducing a risk of recurrence after cancer treatment by cancer therapy such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy.

The above descriptions of pharmaceutical composition, combination drug, polynucleotide as an active ingredient, dose, usage, dosage form, cancers to be targeted, and the like also apply to the methods of this section.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be further specifically described in reference to the following Examples. However, these examples are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

[Example 1] Effectiveness of Synthetic RNAs on Pancreatic Cancer Cells

A synthetic RNA having (i.e., consisting of; the same applies regarding sequences in the present description) the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, and a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, were each evaluated for the effectiveness on pancreatic cancer cells.

A Panc-1 cell line (ATCC® CRL-146™) as pancreatic cancer cells was seeded in a DMEM medium (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) supplemented with 10% FBS, and was then cultured under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO₂. Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells were seeded at 6×10³ cells per well in 96-well plates. Thereafter, RNA synthetic products (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimics) having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 or a negative control oligo (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimic, Negative Control) were each added at a concentration of 30 nM and introduced into the pancreatic cancer cells using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). The culture medium was exchanged 24 hours after the gene introduction, and the number of cells was measured for 5 days. The number of cells was determined by measuring ATP activity using the Celtiter-glo (Promega Corporation) reagent, and the measurement value was used as an indicator of the number of surviving cells. The results are shown in FIG. 1. The evaluation test was carried out at n=3. The graph of FIG. 1 indicates the mean±standard deviation of the viability (%) of the pancreatic cancer cells compared with the negative control.

As a result, pancreatic cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic products having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 had been introduced, were found to have cell viability of 31% and 75%, respectively, compared with pancreatic cancer cells into which the negative control oligo had been introduced.

[Example 2] Effectiveness of Synthetic RNAs on Breast Cancer Cells

The synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 and the synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 were each evaluated for the effectiveness on breast cancer cells.

An MCF-7 cell line (ATCC® HTB-22™) as breast cancer cells was seeded in an RPMI medium (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) supplemented with 10% FBS, and was then cultured under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO₂. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were seeded at 6×10³ cells per well in 96-well plates. Thereafter, RNA synthetic products (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimics) having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 or the negative control oligo (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimic, Negative Control) were each added at a concentration of 30 nM and introduced into the breast cancer cells using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). The culture medium was exchanged 24 hours after the gene introduction, and the number of cells was measured for 5 days. The number of cells was determined by measuring ATP activity using the Celtiter-glo (Promega Corporation) reagent, and the measurement value was used as an indicator of the number of surviving cells. The results are shown in FIG. 2. The evaluation test was carried out at n=3. The graph of FIG. 2 indicates the mean±standard deviation of the viability (%) of the breast cancer cells compared with the negative control. As a result, breast cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic products having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 had been introduced, were found to have cell viability of 66% and 85%, respectively, compared with breast cancer cells into which the negative control oligo had been introduced.

[Example 3] Effectiveness of Synthetic RNAs on Lung Cancer Cells

The synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 and the synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 were each evaluated for the effectiveness on lung cancer cells.

An A549 cell line (ATCC® CCL-185™) as lung cancer cells was seeded in an RPMI medium (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) supplemented with 10% FBS, and was then cultured under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO₂. A549 lung cancer cells were seeded at 3×10³ cells per well in 96-well plates. Thereafter, RNA synthetic products (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimics) having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 or the negative control oligo (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimic, Negative Control) were each added at a concentration of 30 nM and introduced into the lung cancer cells using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). The culture medium was exchanged 24 hours after the gene introduction, and the number of cells was measured for 5 days. The number of cells was determined by measuring ATP activity using the Celtiter-glo (Promega Corporation) reagent, and the measurement value was used as an indicator of the number of surviving cells. The results are shown in FIG. 3. The evaluation test was carried out at n=3. The graph of FIG. 3 indicates the mean±standard deviation of the viability (%) of the lung cancer cells compared with the negative control. As a result, lung cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic products having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 had been introduced, were found to have cell viability of 44% and 84%, respectively, compared with lung cancer cells into which the negative control oligo had been introduced.

[Example 4] Effectiveness of Synthetic RNAs on Stomach Cancer Cells

The synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 and the synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 were each evaluated for the effectiveness on stomach cancer cells.

An NC1-N87 cell line (ATCC® CRL-5822™) as stomach cancer cells was seeded in an RPMI medium (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) supplemented with 10% FBS, and was then cultured under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The stomach cancer cells were seeded at 6×10³ cells per well in 96-well plates. Thereafter, RNA synthetic products (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimics) having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 or the negative control oligo (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimic, Negative Control) were each added at a concentration of 30 nM and introduced into the stomach cancer cells using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). The culture medium was exchanged 24 hours after the gene introduction, and the number of cells was measured for 5 days. The number of cells was determined by measuring ATP activity using the Celtiter-glo (Promega Corporation) reagent, and the measurement value was used as an indicator of the number of surviving cells. The results are shown in FIG. 4. The evaluation test was carried out at n=3. The graph of FIG. 4 indicates the mean±standard deviation of the viability (%) of the stomach cancer cells compared with the negative control. As a result, stomach cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic products having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 had been introduced, were found to have cell viability of 57% and 68%, respectively, compared with stomach cancer cells into which the negative control oligo had been introduced.

[Example 5] Effectiveness of Synthetic RNAs on Liver Cancer Cells

The synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 and the synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 were each evaluated for the effectiveness on liver cancer cells.

A HepG2 cell line (ATCC® HB-8065™) as liver cancer cells was seeded in an RPMI medium (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) supplemented with 10% FBS, and was then cultured under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The liver cancer cells were seeded at 6×10³ cells per well in 96-well plates. Thereafter, RNA synthetic products (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimics) having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 or the negative control oligo (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimic, Negative Control) were each added at a concentration of 30 nM and introduced into the liver cancer cells using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). The culture medium was exchanged 24 hours after the gene introduction, and the number of cells was measured for 5 days. The number of cells was determined by measuring ATP activity using the Celtiter-glo (Promega Corporation) reagent, and the measurement value was used as an indicator of the number of surviving cells. The results are shown in FIG. 5. The evaluation test was carried out at n=3. The graph of FIG. 5 indicates the mean±standard deviation of the viability (%) of the liver cancer cells compared with the negative control. As a result, liver cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic products having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 had been introduced, were found to have cell viability of 71% and 81%, respectively, compared with liver cancer cells into which the negative control oligo had been introduced.

[Example 6] Effectiveness of Synthetic RNAs on Colorectal Cancer Cells (1)

The synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 and the synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-8053 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 were each evaluated for the effectiveness on colorectal cancer cells.

An HCT116 cell line (ATCC® CCL-247™) as colorectal cancer cells was seeded in a McCoy's medium (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) supplemented with 10% FBS, and was then cultured under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO₂. HCT116 colorectal cancer cells were seeded at 6×10³ cells per well in 96-well plates. Thereafter, RNA synthetic products (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimics) having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 or the negative control oligo (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimic, Negative Control) were each added at a concentration of 30 nM and introduced into the colorectal cancer cells using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). The culture medium was exchanged 24 hours after the gene introduction, and the number of cells was measured for 5 days. The number of cells was determined by measuring ATP activity using the Celtiter-glo (Promega Corporation) reagent, and the measurement value was used as an indicator of the number of surviving cells. The results are shown in FIG. 6. The evaluation test was carried out at n=3. The graph of FIG. 6 indicates the mean±standard deviation of the viability (%) of the colorectal cancer cells compared with the negative control. As a result, colorectal cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic products having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 had been introduced, were found to have cell viability of 4% and 46%, respectively, compared with colorectal cancer cells into which the negative control oligo had been introduced.

[Example 7] Effectiveness of Synthetic RNAs on Colorectal Cancer Cells (2)

A synthetic RNA having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 (the nucleotide sequence in which SEQ ID NO: 4, namely, the nucleotide sequence ranging from positions 9 to 24 counted from the 5′-terminus of SEQ ID NO: 7, is added to the 3′-terminus of SEQ ID NO: 1), a synthetic RNA having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 (the nucleotide sequence in which the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 that ranges from positions 9 to 20 counted from the 5′-terminus of hsa-miR-4454 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, is added to the 3′-terminus of SEQ ID NO: 1, namely, the nucleotide sequence ranging from positions 1 to 8 counted from the 5′-terminus of SEQ ID NO: 6), and a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4454 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 known as a cancer marker (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimics) were each evaluated for the effectiveness on colorectal cancer, by the same method as that described in Example 6.

As a result, colorectal cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic products having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 8 and 9 had been introduced, and colorectal cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic product having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 had been introduced (Example 6), were found to have cell viability of 20% or less. In contrast, the cell viability of colorectal cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic product having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 had been introduced, was 100%, and thus, the RNA synthetic product having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 was hardly effective. The results are shown in FIG. 7.

All of the synthetic RNAs consisting of the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6, 8 and 9, each of which comprises the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 at the 5′-terminus thereof, significantly reduced the cell viability of colorectal cancer cells. The synthetic RNA having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, which has the same sequence on the 3′-terminal side as that of SEQ ID NO: 9, did not exhibit effectiveness. Accordingly, it was shown that the nucleotide sequence on the 5′-terminal side (in particular, the nucleotide sequence ranging from positions 1 to 8 counted from the 5′-terminus) is important for anticancer effects.

[Comparative Example 1] Effectiveness of Synthetic RNAs on Colorectal Cancer Cells

A synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-575 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 known as a cancer marker and a synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-1321 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, which is known to be associated with blood cancer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimics), were each evaluated for the effectiveness on colorectal cancer, by the same method as that described in Example 6.

As a result, colorectal cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic products having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 had been introduced, were found to have cell viability of 50% or less. In contrast, colorectal cancer cells into which the RNA synthetic products having the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12 had been introduced, were found to have cell viability of 96% and 93%, respectively. The results are shown in FIG. 8.

[Comparative Example 2] Influence of Synthetic RNA on Normal Cells

The influence of the synthetic RNA having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimics) on mammary epithelial cells, which are normal cells, was evaluated.

A 184B5 cell line (ATCC® CRL-8799™) as mammary epithelial cells was seeded in an MEBM medium (Lonza) supplemented with BPE, hydrocortisone, hEGF and insulin, and was then cultured under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The cells were seeded at 6×10³ cells per well in 96-well plates. Thereafter, the RNA synthetic product having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or the negative control oligo (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimic, Negative Control) was added at a concentration of 3 nM and introduced into the cells using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). The culture medium was exchanged 24 hours after the gene introduction, and the number of cells was measured for 5 days. The number of cells was determined by measuring ATP activity using the Celtiter-glo (Promega Corporation) reagent, and the measurement value was used as an indicator of the number of surviving cells.

The results are shown in FIG. 9. The evaluation test was carried out at n=3. The graph of FIG. 9 indicates the mean±standard deviation of the viability (%) of the pancreatic cancer cells compared with the negative control. As a result, mammary epithelial cells into which the RNA synthetic product (3 nM) having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 had been introduced, was found to have cell viability of 93%, and thus, the influence of the synthetic RNA on normal cells was not observed (FIG. 9).

[Example 8] Effectiveness of Synthetic RNA on Cancer-Bearing Mouse Models

Using cancer-bearing mice into which a human-derived cancer cell line has been transplanted, the antitumor effects of the synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as hsa-miR-4450 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 were examined.

A human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 (ATCC® CCL-247™) was subcutaneously transplanted into the back of six Balb/c nude mice (Charles River Japan Inc.) at 5×10⁶ cells per mouse, and the tumor was grown until its diameter reached about 5 mm. To each of the six cancer-bearing mice, a mixed solution of the synthetic RNA having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimics) or the negative control oligo (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., mirVana™ miRNA Mimic, Negative Control) (2 nmol per mouse) and 50 μl of 0.5% AteloGene® Local Use (KOKEN CO., LTD.) was subcutaneously administered around the tumor. Subsequently, the mixed solution of the synthetic RNA and 0.5% AteloGene® Local Use was subcutaneously administered at the same dose every 2 days, 3 times in total around the tumor of the cancer-bearing mouse, and the size of the tumor was measured once every two days. The size of the tumor was calculated as a volume, using the formula: 0.5×(long diameter×short diameter×short diameter).

As a result, on Day 13 after the initial administration, the tumor volume ratio of the test group to which the synthetic RNA having the same nucleotide sequence as SEQ ID NO: 6 had been administered was 48%, relative to the tumor volume of the negative control group (to which the negative control oligo had been administered) set at 100% (FIG. 10A). In addition, changes in the tumor volume for 13 days after the administration of the synthetic RNA to the cancer-bearing mice are shown in FIG. 10B.

From these results, it was shown that the synthetic RNA having the nucleotide sequence as SEQ ID NO: 6 exhibits antitumor effects in vivo on cancer cells.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The pharmaceutical composition for treating a cancer according to the present invention is useful for treating and/or preventing a cancer.

All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in the present description are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 

1. A pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a cancer comprising, as an active ingredient, a polynucleotide comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or
 2. 2. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is 8 to 60 nucleotides in length.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence of the following (a) or (b) on the 3′ terminal side of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2: (a) the nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to 5, or (b) a nucleotide sequence comprising a deletion, substitution, insertion, and/or addition of 1 to 5 nucleotides in the nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3 to
 5. 4. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 6 to
 9. 5. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is single stranded or double stranded.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is RNA.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the cancer is a solid cancer.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, brain tumor, stomach cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, esophagus cancer, liver cancer, fibrosarcoma, mast cell tumor, and melanoma.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is inserted into a vector in an expressible manner in the form of DNA.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is encapsulated into a carrier selected from the group consisting of non-cationic polymer carriers, liposome carriers, dendritic carriers, nano-material carriers, microparticle carriers, biostructural carriers, micelle carriers, polymer microparticles, and magnetic microparticles; or the polynucleotide is bound to the carrier.
 11. A combination drug for treating and/or preventing a cancer comprising, as active ingredients, the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, and an antitumor agent.
 12. A method for treating or preventing a cancer in a subject who suffers or has suffered from the cancer, comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 to the subject. 